The Non-Toxic Living Glossary

A synthetic solvent and manufacturing byproduct, not an added ingredient. Forms during a process called ethoxylation, which is used to make harsh detergent chemicals gentler on skin.

Shampoos, body washes, bubble baths, laundry detergents, and liquid soaps containing SLES, PEG compounds, ceteareth, oleth, xynol, or ingredients ending in "-eth." Also shows up in contaminated tap water near industrial sites.

The EPA classifies 1,4-dioxane as likely to be carcinogenic to humans, and New York banned it in personal care and cleaning products in 2023. It is absorbed through skin and inhalation. Reputable manufacturers can remove it through vacuum stripping, but most do not test the finished product and no US federal labeling rule requires disclosure.

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a broadleaf herbicide introduced in the 1940s and one of the most widely used herbicides in the US. A component of Agent Orange, the defoliant used in the Vietnam War.

Lawn weed killers, golf course maintenance products, agricultural herbicides, and many combination lawn-care products. Sold under brand names including Weed-B-Gon and many others.

Classified as a possible human carcinogen (IARC Group 2B). Human epidemiological studies link high occupational exposure to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Animal studies show endocrine disruption. Dr. Shanna Swan's research on chemical exposure includes 2,4-D among herbicides that affect hormone function. The EU has restricted it; the US maintains registration with label requirements for application.

A volatile organic compound (VOC) and known carcinogen listed under California Prop 65 and classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the IARC. A byproduct of combustion, fermentation, and certain chemical reactions.

Cigarette smoke, alcohol metabolism in the body, car exhaust, and as an off-gas from some consumer products including dryer sheets, synthetic fabric softeners, and certain plastics when heated.

The IARC classifies acetaldehyde as a Group 1 human carcinogen based on mechanisms involving DNA damage and adduct formation [mechanism, human epidemiological]. California Prop 65 requires warning labels when acetaldehyde exposure exceeds safe harbor limits. In dryer sheets specifically, acetaldehyde is one of several VOCs detected off-gassing during dryer venting to the outdoors and indoors in poorly ventilated laundry areas.

A naturally occurring heavy metal and a Group 1 human carcinogen. Inorganic arsenic is the form most concerning in drinking water and food.

Drinking water (especially well water in the western US), rice and rice-based baby cereals, juice (apple, grape), some seafood, contaminated soil, and pressure-treated lumber from before 2003.

The EPA classifies inorganic arsenic as a known human carcinogen linked to skin, lung, and bladder cancers. Long-term low-dose exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease, neurological effects in children, and Type 2 diabetes.

A group of six naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals. Classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the IARC. Banned in most new products in the US, but legacy use and imported products remain sources of exposure.

Pre-1980 home insulation, vinyl floor tiles, popcorn ceilings, pipe lagging, brake pads, and some imported talc-based products including certain makeup and baby powder. EPA finalized a full ban on chrysotile asbestos in 2024.

Inhaled fibers cause mesothelioma (a cancer with no safe exposure threshold), lung cancer, and asbestosis, often decades after exposure. The NIH states there is no known safe level. Talc contamination is a specific concern because the two minerals are often found in the same deposits.

A widely used herbicide that blocks photosynthesis in broadleaf weeds. One of the most commonly detected pesticides in US drinking water, particularly across the Midwest corn belt. Banned by the EU since 2004.

Conventional lawn care products, agricultural fields (corn and sorghum), tap water throughout the central and southern US, and some conventional produce.

The EPA's own science advisory panel found evidence of endocrine disruption at concentrations found in US waterways; atrazine has been shown to chemically feminize male frogs at legally permitted levels. Human epidemiological studies link exposure to breast, ovarian, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cancer risk. The US legal limit in drinking water is 3 parts per billion. Reverse osmosis and high-quality activated carbon filters reduce atrazine in tap water.

A volatile aromatic hydrocarbon and a known Group 1 human carcinogen. Naturally present in crude oil and formed during combustion; also a feedstock for many industrial chemicals.

Gasoline fumes, cigarette smoke, vehicle exhaust, and as a contaminant detected in spray sunscreens, dry shampoos, hand sanitizers, and acne treatments during multiple 2021 to 2024 recalls. Independent lab Valisure has repeatedly flagged benzene in aerosol personal care products.

The CDC links benzene exposure to acute myeloid leukemia, other blood cancers, and bone marrow damage. There is no safe level; exposure should be minimized. Aerosol formulations are the main consumer concern because propellants and raw materials can introduce benzene contamination during manufacturing.

The buildup of a chemical in a living organism over time, at a rate faster than the body can eliminate it. A related process, biomagnification, describes how concentrations increase at each step up the food chain.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PFAS, PCBs, dioxins, and certain flame retardants accumulate in human fat tissue, blood, and breast milk. Methylmercury biomagnifies in large predatory fish such as tuna and swordfish.

Bioaccumulative chemicals can reach harmful internal concentrations even when daily exposure is very low. The "body burden" builds over a lifetime and is transferred from mother to fetus and infant. CDC biomonitoring shows nearly every American has detectable levels of multiple bioaccumulative chemicals in their blood.

An industrial chemical used since the 1960s to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. A known endocrine disruptor that mimics estrogen in the body.

Plastic food containers (recycling code 7), the lining of canned foods and beverages, thermal receipt paper, water bottles, baby bottles (banned in US baby bottles in 2012), and dental sealants.

According to research from Dr. Shanna Swan and the Endocrine Society, BPA disrupts hormonal signaling at extremely low doses. It is linked to reduced fertility, early puberty, breast and prostate cancers, and developmental effects in fetuses and infants.

A family of chemically similar compounds that includes BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, and others. Companies have substituted these analogues into "BPA-free" products, but research shows they share BPA's endocrine-disrupting mechanism.

Polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal receipt paper, canned food linings, and any product marketed as "BPA-free" that has not explicitly disclosed its replacement chemistry.

A 2019 review in Environment International concluded that BPS and BPF are as hormonally active as BPA at low doses. The FDA allows use of bisphenol analogues without requiring toxicity testing equivalent to BPA. "BPA-free" is not a safety claim; it is a substitution claim.

A chemical replacement for BPA used in many "BPA-free" products. Has the same endocrine-disrupting mechanism as BPA, sometimes at greater potency.

Products labeled "BPA-free," receipt paper, food can linings, polycarbonate alternatives, and many plastics marketed as safe alternatives.

Peer-reviewed research has shown BPS interferes with hormone receptors at concentrations comparable to BPA. The "BPA-free" label is often meaningless when BPS is the substitute. Linked to metabolic disruption, reproductive effects, and developmental toxicity.

A toxic heavy metal listed by the IARC as a Group 1 human carcinogen. Bioaccumulates in the kidneys and liver with a biological half-life of 10 to 30 years.

Cigarette smoke, contaminated leafy greens, shellfish, organ meats, costume jewelry, ceramic glazes, batteries, pigments in plastics and paints, and some rice grown in contaminated soil.

Long-term exposure causes kidney damage and bone demineralization (osteomalacia). The CDC links cadmium to lung cancer and prostate cancer. Particularly concerning in children due to absorption rates roughly five times higher than adults.

A solvent used in the viscose (rayon) and lyocell manufacturing process to dissolve and spin wood pulp cellulose into fibers. A known neurotoxin.

Not present in finished fabric. Exposure risk is in textile manufacturing facilities. Bamboo viscose and conventional rayon are made using a closed-loop or open-loop carbon disulfide process. TENCEL/lyocell uses a different solvent (NMMO) in a closed loop, avoiding CS2 entirely.

Carbon disulfide is a recognized neurotoxin causing peripheral neuropathy, psychiatric effects, and cardiovascular disease in workers with prolonged high-level exposure [human epidemiological]. The WHO and NIOSH have established exposure limits. Consumer risk from finished viscose fabric is negligible since CS2 does not remain in the final product. Worker safety and environmental discharge at manufacturing sites are the primary concerns.

Any substance, radiation, or agent that causes cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into Group 1 (known), Group 2A (probable), Group 2B (possible), and Group 3 (unclassifiable).

Known human carcinogens relevant to household exposure include formaldehyde, benzene, asbestos, tobacco smoke, radon, diesel exhaust, processed meat, and certain PFAS compounds including PFOA.

Carcinogens typically act through DNA damage, hormone disruption, or chronic inflammation. For most substances, there is no threshold below which risk is zero. Cumulative lifetime exposure matters more than single-event exposure, which is why reducing background exposure in frequently used products is the leverage point.

An organophosphate insecticide used since the 1960s in agriculture, lawn care, and pest control. The EU banned all uses in 2020. The EPA revoked food tolerances in 2022 after losing a court battle, but some non-food uses remain.

Some remaining agricultural applications and pest control products. Previously found in residential insecticide sprays, flea treatments, and lawn care products. Still detectable as residue on some imported produce.

A well-documented developmental neurotoxin. The EPA's own research found that no safe level of chlorpyrifos exposure exists for children. Studies link prenatal exposure to lower IQ, attention deficits, and autism spectrum disorder. Dr. Philip Landrigan has called it one of the most important chemicals to eliminate from children's environments. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that regulates nerve signaling.

A metal that exists in two main oxidation states. Trivalent chromium (Cr III) is an essential trace nutrient. Hexavalent chromium (Cr VI, chromium-6) is a Group 1 human carcinogen.

Chromium-6 contamination in drinking water near industrial sites (the Erin Brockovich case), cement dust, leather tanning residues, and chrome plating operations. Stainless steel cookware contains trivalent chromium, which can leach minimally.

The CDC links inhaled hexavalent chromium to lung cancer and oral exposure to stomach cancer. The EPA's federal drinking water standard is 100 parts per billion for total chromium; California set a separate Cr-6 standard of 10 ppb in 2024 based on cancer risk. Standard carbon filters do not remove chromium-6; reverse osmosis does.

Synthetic colorants originally derived from coal tar, a byproduct of coal processing. Now mostly produced from petroleum feedstocks but still called coal tar dyes because of their chemical origin. The EU has banned over 60 of them in cosmetics.

Hair dyes, lipsticks, eyeshadows, blush, mascara, and some food colorants. Listed on US labels as D&C or FD&C colors followed by a name and number (e.g., D&C Red No. 33, FD&C Yellow No. 5).

Several coal tar dyes are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens by the IARC. The EU bans them in cosmetics based on mutagenicity and carcinogenicity data. In the US, the FDA certifies coal tar dyes for cosmetic use but does not require the same level of pre-market safety evidence as the EU. Hair dye application near the scalp provides direct skin and follicle exposure.

Decabromodiphenyl ether, the heaviest member of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) family of brominated flame retardants. Banned in the EU under REACH. The EPA proposed restrictions in 2024 but had not finalized a ban as of 2026.

Consumer electronics housings, textiles, furniture, upholstery fabrics, and building insulation. Persists in household dust and the environment for decades.

Like other PBDEs, DecaBDE accumulates in body fat and blood. Linked to thyroid disruption, neurodevelopmental effects, and reproductive toxicity in animal studies. The EPA added it to the TSCA risk evaluation priority list. Children face higher exposure through dust ingestion. The EU banned it as a substance of very high concern under REACH.

A high-molecular-weight phthalate used to soften PVC plastic. The most produced and most studied phthalate, and the one most strongly linked to cardiovascular and endocrine harm at population scale.

Soft PVC products including vinyl flooring, shower curtains, IV bags, medical tubing, food-contact film and cling wrap, fast-food packaging, soft plastic kitchen utensils, and as a fragrance carrier in some personal care products. Heat (microwaves, dishwashers) and fat-contact accelerate migration into food.

A 2025 attribution study in eBioMedicine by Hyman, Trasande et al. linked DEHP exposure to 356,238 cardiovascular deaths globally in 2018, roughly 13% of heart-disease mortality in adults aged 55 to 64 [human epidemiological, attribution model]. Earlier work tied DEHP to hypertension, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. The EU restricts DEHP under REACH as a Substance of Very High Concern; the US bans it in toys and child-care articles but allows it in food packaging and medical devices. Individual exposures at typical NHANES levels sit well below the EFSA tolerable daily intake (50 μg/kg body weight); the public-health burden is large because exposure is universal.

A family of toxic chlorinated compounds formed as unwanted byproducts of combustion, chlorine bleaching, and certain manufacturing processes. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is the most toxic member and a Group 1 human carcinogen.

Low-level background exposure comes primarily from the food supply (meat, dairy, fish). Rayon tampons and chlorine-bleached feminine products contain trace levels. Dioxins are persistent and bioaccumulate in fat tissue.

The WHO links dioxin exposure to cancer, immune suppression, developmental effects, and endocrine disruption. Dioxins have half-lives in the human body measured in years to decades. Developed countries have reduced emissions substantially since the 1990s, but background exposure persists through diet.

Any chemical that interferes with the body's hormone system, either by mimicking natural hormones, blocking them, or altering their production and breakdown.

BPA in plastics, phthalates in fragrances and vinyl, PFAS in nonstick coatings, parabens in cosmetics, atrazine in drinking water, and many flame retardants in furniture.

Dr. Leonardo Trasande and the Endocrine Society have extensively documented links to reduced fertility, early puberty, hormone-sensitive cancers, obesity, diabetes, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Effects are most pronounced during fetal development, infancy, and puberty.

Airborne particles 2.5 microns or smaller in diameter. Small enough to bypass the upper airway and lodge deep in the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Measured in micrograms per cubic meter.

Wildfire smoke, vehicle exhaust, cooking (especially gas stoves and high-heat searing), candles, fireplaces, and industrial emissions. The 2024 EPA annual standard is 9 μg/m³; the WHO recommends 5 μg/m³.

The EPA links PM2.5 exposure to premature death, heart attacks, strokes, asthma, and reduced lung function. Short-term spikes from cooking or wildfire smoke raise cardiovascular risk within hours. A HEPA air purifier sized for the room and reducing gas stove use or adding a vented range hood are two of the highest-leverage indoor air quality improvements.

A broad class of chemicals added to furniture, electronics, and textiles to slow ignition. Many are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic.

Older sofas and mattresses (especially pre-2015), car seats, electronics housings, foam padding, curtains, and children's pajamas. California TB117-2013 reduced but did not eliminate their use.

PBDEs, TDCPP, and TCEP have been linked to thyroid disruption, lower IQ in children, and certain cancers. According to the Green Science Policy Institute, blood levels of these chemicals are detectable in nearly every American tested. Children have higher exposure due to hand-to-mouth contact with treated dust.

A colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. Classified by the IARC as a Group 1 human carcinogen since 2011.

Pressed wood products (particleboard, MDF, plywood), permanent-press fabrics, some carpets, certain glues and adhesives, cosmetic preservatives like DMDM hydantoin, and conventional dry cleaning.

The National Cancer Institute links formaldehyde exposure to nasopharyngeal cancer and myeloid leukemia. Lower-level exposure causes eye, nose, and throat irritation, asthma exacerbation, and contact dermatitis. Indoor levels in new construction can exceed outdoor levels by 10x or more.

A single ingredient label that can legally hide a mixture of anywhere from a handful to several hundred undisclosed chemicals, including synthetic musks, phthalates, and aldehydes. Protected as trade secret under US labeling law.

Almost every scented personal care product (lotion, shampoo, deodorant, makeup), laundry detergent, fabric softener, dryer sheet, cleaning product, air freshener, candle, and even some "unscented" products (which may contain masking fragrance).

Fragrance is one of the top five causes of contact dermatitis. Common fragrance ingredients include endocrine-disrupting phthalates (used as solvents) and allergens like limonene and linalool. IFRA regulates some fragrance chemicals at the industry level, but consumer labels do not have to disclose what is inside. "Fragrance-free" (no added scent) is stricter than "unscented" (may contain masking agents).

A broad-spectrum herbicide and neurotoxin that works by inhibiting glutamine synthetase, an enzyme critical to nitrogen metabolism in plants. Used as a glyphosate alternative and in genetically modified herbicide-resistant crop systems.

Agricultural herbicide products and some residential weed killers. Sold under names including Basta, Rely, and Liberty. Increasingly used as a glyphosate substitute due to glyphosate resistance in weeds.

The EU has restricted glufosinate as a reproductive toxin, and it cannot be used on food crops there. Inhibits glutamine synthetase in mammals as well as plants, which can cause neurological symptoms at sufficient exposure. Animal studies show developmental and reproductive toxicity. Long-term human health data at residential exposure is limited [preliminary].

The active ingredient in Roundup and the most widely used herbicide in the world. A systemic herbicide that kills plants by blocking the shikimate pathway enzyme EPSPS. Introduced by Monsanto in 1974; Bayer acquired Monsanto in 2018.

Roundup and hundreds of other herbicide products for residential, agricultural, and commercial use. Also detected as residue on many conventional food crops, particularly oats and wheat, and in drinking water near agricultural areas.

In 2015, the IARC classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) based primarily on human epidemiological studies of agricultural workers at high occupational exposure. Bayer has paid over $10 billion to settle lawsuits from people who developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma after using Roundup. The EPA's 2020 interim review concluded glyphosate is "not likely to be carcinogenic" at registered residential use levels [regulatory review]. The two conclusions reflect different frameworks: IARC assesses hazard, EPA assesses risk at typical use. Long-term data on low-dose residential exposure is still being characterized.

A loose term for metallic elements with relatively high density that are toxic to humans at low concentrations. The main concerns for household exposure are lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium.

Drinking water (especially from older pipes), baby food (especially rice and root vegetables), protein powders, dark chocolate, ceramic glaze from imported or artisan pottery, some spices, and traditional cosmetics.

Heavy metals bioaccumulate and most have no safe threshold for children. The FDA Closer to Zero initiative is phasing down allowable levels in baby food over a decade. Exposure is typically cumulative and comes from multiple small sources rather than a single large one, which is why reducing background exposure across diet and water matters.

A skin-lightening agent that inhibits melanin production by blocking the enzyme tyrosinase. Banned in cosmetics in the EU and several other countries. Legal in the US at up to 2% in over-the-counter products.

Skin lightening creams, dark spot correctors, hyperpigmentation treatments, and some anti-aging products. Higher concentrations (4%) are available by prescription in the US.

The EU banned hydroquinone in cosmetics in 2001 based on concerns about carcinogenicity and ochronosis, a bluish-black skin discoloration from chronic use. Animal studies show carcinogenic potential. Long-term use can paradoxically worsen pigmentation and cause irreversible skin changes. The FDA has been reviewing OTC hydroquinone since 2006 without reaching a final ruling.

A neurotoxic heavy metal with no safe level of exposure, particularly for children. Banned in residential paint in the US in 1978 and in gasoline in 1996.

Pre-1978 paint, drinking water from older lead pipes and fixtures, contaminated soil near former industrial sites, imported pottery and crystal, some traditional cosmetics, and certain spices.

According to the CDC, lead exposure in children causes irreversible reductions in IQ, learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and slowed growth. In adults it raises blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. The CDC blood lead reference value was lowered to 3.5 µg/dL in 2021, reflecting that even very low exposures cause harm.

Butylphenyl methylpropional, a synthetic fragrance ingredient that gives products a floral, lily-of-the-valley scent. Banned in all cosmetics in the EU in 2022 based on reproductive toxicity evidence.

Perfumes, body washes, scented lotions, shampoos, fabric softeners, and dryer sheets. Listed on ingredient labels as "butylphenyl methylpropional" or hidden within "fragrance" in the US.

The EU's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) found Lilial cannot be considered safe in any cosmetic use category following evidence it is toxic to reproduction. Because US products can hide fragrance ingredients behind the generic term "fragrance," American consumers have no way to know if lilial is in a product without contacting the manufacturer directly.

A toxic heavy metal that exists in three forms: elemental, inorganic, and organic (methylmercury). Methylmercury is the most dangerous dietary form and a potent developmental neurotoxin.

Large predatory fish (swordfish, shark, king mackerel, tilefish, tuna), some skin-lightening creams, old thermometers, compact fluorescent bulbs, and dental amalgam fillings.

The FDA and EPA recommend that pregnant people and young children limit high-mercury fish because methylmercury crosses the placenta and damages developing brains. A 2023 analysis found one in seven US women of childbearing age has blood mercury above the CDC reference level. Light canned tuna is lower-mercury; albacore and yellowfin are higher.

Plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters, including nanoplastics under 1 micron. Form when larger plastics degrade or are manufactured directly at small sizes (microbeads).

Tap and bottled water, seafood, table salt, beer, tea bags, synthetic clothing fibers in laundry water, and air. A 2024 study found microplastics in 100% of human placenta samples tested.

According to research published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2024, people with microplastics detected in carotid artery plaque had a 4.5x higher risk of heart attack, stroke, or death over the following 34 months. Long-term effects are still being studied but include hormone disruption, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Fungal growth that thrives in damp indoor environments. Certain species produce mycotoxins (such as those from Stachybotrys chartarum, the "black mold") that can affect health at low airborne concentrations.

Bathrooms, basements, humidifiers, HVAC drain pans, laundry machines, behind drywall after water leaks, and inside damp mattresses and upholstered furniture.

The CDC links indoor mold exposure to upper respiratory symptoms, asthma triggers, and in sensitive individuals, more serious hypersensitivity and neurological symptoms. People with allergies, asthma, or immune suppression are at higher risk. Fixing the moisture source is the only effective long-term remediation; killing visible mold without addressing the water problem is a short-term fix.

A chronic condition in which a person experiences symptoms from exposure to low levels of everyday chemicals that do not typically affect others. Also called Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT) in the research literature.

Symptoms are triggered by fragrances, cleaning products, new building materials, pesticides, vehicle exhaust, and smoke. Common symptoms include headaches, fatigue, brain fog, respiratory distress, and skin reactions.

Recognized by the CDC and Social Security Administration but not yet by the AMA. Estimates suggest 12-25% of US adults report chemical sensitivity, with severe MCS affecting roughly 1-3%. Management focuses on strict avoidance, air filtration, fragrance-free environments, and reducing total chemical body burden.

Plastic particles smaller than one micron (1,000 nanometers). Small enough to cross biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, which microplastics cannot.

Bottled water (a 2024 Columbia University study found an average of 240,000 plastic particles per liter, 90% of them nanoplastics), plastic tea bags, infant formula bottles heated with plastic, synthetic textiles, and atmospheric deposition.

Research is rapidly emerging but already alarming. Nanoplastics have been found in human blood, breast milk, placenta, and brain tissue. Effects are still being studied but include cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, and potential hormonal disruption due to the plastic additives carried into tissues.

A class of systemic insecticides that act on the central nervous system of insects by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The most widely used insecticides in the world. The EU banned outdoor use of three major neonicotinoids in 2018 due to harm to bees.

Agricultural pesticides, residential lawn insecticides, pet flea and tick treatments (imidacloprid in some flea collars and spot treatments), garden plant treatments, and seed coatings on many conventional crops. Key compounds: clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, dinotefuran.

Primary concern is ecological: neonicotinoids are acutely toxic to bees and other pollinators and are a major contributor to colony collapse disorder. Systemic uptake means pollen and nectar contain the insecticide. In humans, some epidemiological studies link prenatal neonicotinoid exposure to increased risk of autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay [human epidemiological], though causality is not established. The EU banned outdoor use; the US permits outdoor and indoor applications.

Any substance that damages the structure or function of the nervous system. Developmental neurotoxins are especially concerning because the brain is still forming during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood.

Lead, methylmercury, PCBs, organophosphate pesticides, certain PFAS, toluene, and some flame retardants. Dr. Philip Landrigan and Dr. Philippe Grandjean have identified a growing list of chemicals with developmental neurotoxic effects.

Even low-level exposure during critical developmental windows can cause lasting effects on IQ, attention, and behavior. The Lancet has called the rise in childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities a "silent pandemic" partly driven by chemical exposure. Reducing exposure in the home environment is one of the most evidence-backed ways to protect brain development.

A chemical UV filter used in chemical sunscreens since the 1970s. Penetrates the skin readily and has been detected in blood, breast milk, and urine. Banned in reef-protection laws in Hawaii, Palau, and parts of Mexico.

Many chemical sunscreens (SPF lotions, sprays, sticks), lip balms with SPF, some cosmetics with built-in sun protection, and older formulations marketed as "broad spectrum."

A 2020 FDA study found oxybenzone is absorbed into the bloodstream at concentrations exceeding the threshold for which additional safety testing is required. The FDA has not yet classified it as generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) pending more data. Linked to hormone disruption in animal studies and allergic contact dermatitis. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide mineral sunscreens are proven alternatives.

A highly reactive form of oxygen (O3). Useful in the upper atmosphere but a respiratory irritant and lung toxicant at ground level. Produced indoors by some air purifiers, ionizers, and certain UV-C lamps.

Ozone generators marketed as air purifiers (banned by many health authorities for occupied spaces), some UV air purifiers, older office copiers, and outdoor air on smog days.

The EPA warns that indoor ozone can worsen asthma, reduce lung function, and irritate the respiratory tract. California, Washington state, and others prohibit the sale of ozone-generating air cleaners above safety thresholds. Choose HEPA plus carbon air purifiers rather than ionic or ozone-generating models, and confirm certification to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) air cleaner program.

A fast-acting contact herbicide and one of the most acutely toxic pesticides still in use. Banned in the EU since 2007. Restricted to licensed commercial applicators in the US homeowners cannot legally purchase it.

Commercial agricultural operations and licensed pest control. Not available for residential purchase in the US. Sold under names including Gramoxone. Widely used in developing countries where regulations are less strict.

Paraquat is extremely acutely toxic; a single sip can be fatal with no antidote. Chronic low-level exposure is strongly linked to Parkinson's disease the connection is one of the most consistent in pesticide epidemiology [human epidemiological]. The Unified Parkinson's Advocacy Council has pushed for a US ban. The EPA has classified it as a restricted-use pesticide but has not banned it. Its continued use in US agriculture means residue exposure is possible through food and water.

A class of more than 14,000 synthetic chemicals known as "forever chemicals" because they do not break down naturally. Used since the 1940s for nonstick, water-repellent, and stain-resistant properties.

Nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, stain-resistant carpet and upholstery, fast food packaging, dental floss, cosmetics, firefighting foam, and contaminated drinking water. The EPA estimates PFAS contamination in drinking water affects more than 200 million Americans.

According to the EPA and CDC, PFAS exposure is linked to kidney and testicular cancer, decreased vaccine response in children, increased cholesterol, thyroid disease, liver damage, and reduced fertility. The EPA finalized enforceable drinking water limits for six PFAS compounds in 2024 at levels as low as 4 parts per trillion.

A PFAS chemical used historically in Scotchgard, firefighting foam, and metal plating. Voluntarily phased out by 3M in 2002 but remains widespread in the environment.

Older Scotchgard-treated upholstery and carpets, firefighting foam at military bases and airports, contaminated groundwater, and accumulated in fish from contaminated waters.

In December 2023, the IARC classified PFOS as a Group 2B possibly carcinogenic substance. Linked to immune system suppression, decreased childhood vaccine response, cholesterol changes, thyroid effects, and reduced birth weight. PFOS bioaccumulates in fish and humans, with a half-life of approximately 5.4 years in human blood.

One of the most studied PFAS chemicals. Used historically in Teflon production. Voluntarily phased out of US manufacturing in 2015 but persists in the environment indefinitely.

Old nonstick cookware (pre-2015), contaminated drinking water near former manufacturing sites, food grown in contaminated soil, and household dust. PFOA is still detectable in the blood of nearly every American.

In December 2023, the IARC reclassified PFOA as a Group 1 human carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans), the highest classification. Linked to kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and high cholesterol. The half-life in human blood is approximately 3.8 years.

Any substance used to kill or repel insects (insecticides), weeds (herbicides), fungi (fungicides), or rodents (rodenticides). Regulated federally under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

Conventional produce (residues on and inside fruits and vegetables), treated lumber, household pest sprays, garden products, lawn treatments, and carpets and furniture treated for insect resistance.

EWG publishes annual "Dirty Dozen" and "Clean Fifteen" lists based on USDA pesticide residue testing. Organophosphate pesticides have documented developmental neurotoxic effects in children. Certified Organic produce reduces but does not eliminate pesticide exposure. Washing and peeling reduce surface residues but do not remove systemic pesticides absorbed into the plant.

A family of chemicals used to make plastics flexible and to help fragrances last longer. The most concerning are the high-molecular-weight phthalates DEHP, DBP, and BBP.

Vinyl flooring, shower curtains, food packaging, fragrances (listed simply as "fragrance" or "parfum"), nail polish, hair products, air fresheners, and many personal care products. Vinyl is the largest source of indoor exposure.

Dr. Shanna Swan's research has documented strong links between prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced anogenital distance in male infants, reduced sperm count, and altered reproductive development. The Endocrine Society identifies phthalates as among the most concerning endocrine disruptors. The EU banned multiple phthalates in toys; the US restricts them in children's products only.

A class of brominated flame retardants used heavily in furniture, electronics, and textiles from the 1970s through the early 2000s. Persistent organic pollutants that accumulate in body fat.

Older foam furniture, electronics, mattresses (pre-2005), carpet padding, and household dust. Many PBDEs are now banned, but they persist in older products and the environment for decades.

CDC biomonitoring shows PBDEs in nearly every American tested, with higher levels in children due to dust exposure. Linked to thyroid hormone disruption, reduced IQ in children of exposed mothers, attention problems, and reproductive effects. Levels in US residents are roughly 10x higher than in Europeans due to weaker historical regulations.

A fluoropolymer (a PFAS) best known by the brand name Teflon. The dominant non-stick coating material in cookware since the 1960s. Chemically stable at normal cooking temperatures but breaks down above 500°F into toxic fumes.

Non-stick frying pans, baking sheets, air fryer baskets, rice cookers, waffle irons, electric griddles, and bakeware. Also used in medical implants, industrial seals, and outdoor fabric coatings.

Overheated PTFE releases fumes that cause polymer fume fever in humans and can kill pet birds within minutes. Modern PTFE manufacturing no longer uses PFOA as a processing aid, but the EPA is investigating whether newer replacement chemicals raise similar concerns. The coating itself is not considered absorbed, but degradation and scratched pans are the routes of concern. Ceramic, stainless steel, cast iron, and carbon steel are PTFE-free alternatives.

A strong mineral acid used extensively in industrial manufacturing, including in the viscose (rayon) textile process where it is part of the coagulation bath that converts cellulose xanthate back into solid fibers.

Not present in finished textile products. Used during the viscose spinning process in manufacturing facilities. Also used in lead-acid batteries, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, and wastewater treatment.

Sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and classified as a hazardous substance by OSHA. Occupational inhalation of sulfuric acid mists is classified by the IARC as a Group 1 human carcinogen for laryngeal and lung cancer in workers with chronic high-level exposure [human epidemiological, occupational]. Consumer exposure from finished viscose fabric is zero no acid survives the washing and neutralization steps. Environmental discharge from manufacturing facilities is a documented concern in countries without strict wastewater controls.

A volatile aromatic solvent similar to benzene. A member of the BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) of common indoor and industrial air pollutants.

Nail polish and nail polish removers, paint thinners, adhesives, synthetic fragrance, gasoline, and some craft supplies. A key reason nail salons need proper ventilation.

The CDC lists toluene as a developmental toxin; prenatal exposure is linked to birth defects and neurodevelopmental effects. The "3-free" and "10-free" nail polish labels generally indicate toluene-free formulations. Inhalation is the main consumer exposure route, so ventilation during use matters more than occasional contact.

A synthetic antibacterial agent used since the 1970s. Banned by the FDA in over-the-counter consumer antiseptic washes in 2016 due to lack of safety data and effectiveness.

Some toothpastes (Colgate Total contains triclosan), antibacterial soaps still on the market, deodorants, cosmetics, kitchenware coatings, and clothing marketed as antimicrobial. Detected in 75% of Americans tested by the CDC.

Linked to thyroid hormone disruption, antibiotic resistance, contact dermatitis, and altered gut microbiome composition. Crosses the placenta and is found in breast milk. Persistent in the environment and toxic to aquatic life. The FDA continues to allow triclosan in some toothpaste based on cavity-prevention efficacy data.

Carbon-containing compounds that easily evaporate at room temperature. Outdoor VOCs come from gasoline and industrial emissions; indoor VOCs come from products that release them as gas.

Paint, varnishes and finishes, new carpet, vinyl flooring, pressed wood, air fresheners, scented candles, cleaning products, dry-cleaned clothes, gasoline fumes, and adhesives. Indoor VOC concentrations are often 2 to 10 times higher than outdoor levels.

According to the EPA, short-term exposure causes eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, nausea, and dizziness. Long-term exposure to specific VOCs like benzene, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride is linked to cancer and damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Children, asthmatics, and people with chemical sensitivities are most affected.